bribe were the prerogative of the employer/factory owner, and the persons--whose preindustrial flavour, oblivious of socially constructed injustice, is charmingly elicited by Engels--became "machines pure and simple, taking from them the last trace of self-employed person activity, and so forcing them to think and demand a position estim sufficient of men" (Engels).
The reason industrialization was exploitative, according to Engels, was that it robbed unsophisticated tho morally reliable people of their fundamental humanity and make them into conditions that they were ill equipped to understand and still less able to systematically oppose. The physical conditions of the proletariat appear to be the study reason for which Engels judged industrialization to have been exploitative. Heyck cites the evidence of the emergence of slums in England's cities. In these settings, the works poor crowded together in constricted settings. Their environment was non maintained by giving medication social-service entities; streets were unpaved, and garbage was routinely discarded in the streets, making the nourishment space d
Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels. The Communist Manifesto. sweet York: Signet/Penguin, 1998.
Complicating the situation of the working class was that it was blamed for the conditions that it inhabited, which were to be contrasted with the conditions of life among the middle and upper classes. Engels refers to "the scornful smile which intelligent Englishmen . . . birth when any genius begins to speak of the condition of the working-class" (Engels), pressure that the bourgeoisie in fact bears the moral responsibility for those conditions.
Heyck cites the legal opinion that working-class people--Irish immigrants, for example--were just as likely to drink as to work and were implicitly worthy of contempt. On the other hand, because they did not "own" their own work, which was organized for them by the entrepreneur class, members of the working class were placed in the position of having to compete with one another for a position on the enterprise assemblage line. Tension between demand for the goods produced and the entrepreneur's ability to make a profit on such business drove oeuvre practices.
ramatically unsanitary (Heyck). Meanwhile, the owners of the factories, i.e., the owners of the means of production, or the bourgeoisie, benefited from the profits that cheap pains and even cheaper maintenance of laborers' conditions created.
Engels, Friedrich. The Condition of the Working Class in England. London: Penguin, 1987.
Heyck explains that over time, the working class began to assert aver over their destiny. One response to intractable conditions was to engage in criminal behavior. Another was to oppose the introduction of machinery into a production environment. The most systematic respon
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